If there are uncorrectable errors, fatal read errors or damaged and bad blocks, then apply a non-aggressive remedy (such as cleaning, reading the media with other equipment). If there are many errors (high errors) and no uncorrectable errors or recoverable read errors and no fatal read errors, then copy the information onto new media following the rules for proper recording to produce a low error rate. If there are few errors (low errors) and no uncorrectable errors, or no recoverable read errors and no fatal read errors, then store the media. Description of Figure 1īegin by performing error analysis on the storage media. Systematic approach to recovering information from problematic digital media. © Government of Canada, Canadian Conservation Institute.
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More information on error analysis and file recovery software is also provided. The flowchart in Figure 1 outlines this approach, and a more detailed explanation about each element in the flowchart follows. Systematic approach to analyzing digital media and recovering files from problematic mediaĪ systematic approach is required to utilize software properly so that it assesses the errors on media, determines what condition the media are in or recovers files from problematic media. These could also prove useful in preserving digital information. In addition, software tools for the recovery of deleted files are discussed. By following the systematic approach provided, there is a reasonable probability of retrieving files from previously unreadable media. The primary purpose of this CCI Note is to provide the necessary software tools to analyze the health of digital storage media and to recover files stored on them.
This type of software provides additional error correction capabilities that may allow files that were previously inaccessible to become readable once again. In addition, it is important to have software available that can recover information from media with uncorrectable errors when this situation arises.
Therefore, outside of visual degradation problems that may exist or obvious readability issues, it is important to monitor error rates on digital media in order to establish how close the media are to failure and loss of information. Exceeding this limit due to degradation or other factors will result in the generation of uncorrectable errors and, consequently, problems with playing or accessing files from the media. There is a limit as to how many errors are correctable. However, playing or accessing the file does not reveal that the error rate is climbing over time. To compensate for this, the error detection and correction system detects incorrect data and then corrects it so that the output from the media is what it should be. This is true even with undamaged or undegraded media. Given the nature of digital technologies, the information on digital media is occasionally misread. This is due to the error detection and correction system that is associated with digital media. In fact, media that behave properly with use may still be on the verge of failure.
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List of abbreviations BD Blu-ray disc BD-R recordable Blu-ray disc BIS burst indication subcode BLER block error rate HDD hard disk drive LDC long distance code PI8 parity inner error averaged over eight blocks PIE parity inner error PIF parity inner failure POF parity outer failure SMART self-monitoring, analysis and reporting technology IntroductionĮstablishing the true health of digital media is not possible by visual examination or by simply reading or playing the media.